Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields PEMFs on Stress

William Pawluk, MD, MSc

The very presence of life means that stress is also present. The recognition of and the reaction to stressors is fundamental to physical and emotional existence. Our reactions to stressors are either healthy, that is adaptive, or unhealthy, that is maladaptive. Maladaptive reactions to stress create physical and psychological damage, if either too large to withstand or too frequent to recover from. An example of an adaptive physiologic response is perspiring when the body temperature increases. This response becomes maladaptive, or harmful, when the body is not able to perspire or if the stress continues too long and bodily fluids are not replenished. Stressors may also be psychological or mental. Again, the reaction may be helpful or harmful. For most of us, the use of the term "stress" refers most often to the negative psychological or physiological responses to life's stimuli.

The original human need for a stress response was adaptive, called the "fight or flight" response (Goudey). Typically, this response allowed us to engage a threat, such as an attacking animal. In modern Western civilization, the most common daily stressors are minor psychological events, such as, an angry client on the telephone or the tension of driving in heavy traffic. Even these seemingly minor occurrences produce a low-level "fight or flight" reaction in the body. The cumulative or chronic occurrence of these stressors does not allow adequate or full recovery and results in many of modern civilization's health problems.

The stress response causes the brain to release chemicals that stimulate the nervous system. Adrenaline is pumped into the bloodstream along with extra sugar and fact, from body stores, for energy to fuel muscles. Mental activity is focused, some organs slow their activity, while others accelerate it, the muscles tense up, the breeding rate increases, there may be tightness in the chest and queasiness in the stomach. In a high stress state, most of these reactions will be present. In a lower stress state only one or several may be present and in varying degrees.

Many believe that a healthy human body could be able to live as long as 120 years before organs gradually slow down and stop. Stress accelerates the decline by actually damaging some organs and accelerating the wear and tear on others. It is easy to see how this chronic state of stress may accelerate aging and cause heart disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes, arthritis, fatigue, immune problems, adjustment disorders and anxiety and depression. Many physicians believe that 70 to 90 percent of the problems they treat are due to stress.

Environmental effects on the development of nervous system and endocrine responses to stress can last throughout life, and the differences in environmental experiences of each individual, partially contribute to individual differences in vulnerability to stress-induced illness. A cascade of neural processes induced by aspects of an individual's early environment may lead to lifelong individual variability and may either enhance or reduce vulnerability to damage in later life.

Some of the physiologic reactions to stress are: muscle tension, rapid heartbeat, sweaty palms, diarrhea or constipation, increased gastric acid, high blood pressure, increased ACTH, increased to drown, exaggerated mental alertness, increased blood sugar, increased fat, dry mouth, increased insulin, increased thyroid hormone and immune changes.

The physical problems that can result from stress are: insomnia, nervous irritability, headaches, Atherosclerosis, hypertension, irritable bowel, gastritis, arrhythmias, panic attacks, anxiety, depression, fatigue, substance abuse, immune deficiencies, asthma, skin problems, allergies, muscle spasms, neuralgias, vision changes, hyperventilation, dehydration, sudden cardiac death, vasospasm, increased cholesterol, increased platelets, decreased oxygen, appetite problems, accelerated auto immune problems increased actually, miscarriages decreased libido, impotence, menstrual changes, disturbed memory, among others.

Clearly not all of these problems happen to everybody under stress. They happen to varying degrees depending on genetics, environmental experiences and the level and duration of the stress. Most of us throughout our lifetimes will develop at least some of the above problems.

There are many approaches to preventing and managing stress reactions. Once a stress reaction is initiated it is difficult to turn off immediately. The reaction is immediate but the recovery takes hours to days. Since the effects of stress are cumulative, a daily routine of reducing the physiologic response becomes necessary to ward off long-term damage. One approach to reducing the physiologic response to the effects of daily stress is whole body pulsed magnetic field (PEMF) therapy.

Humans are very sensitive to magnetic fields (MFs). Functional physiologic variations were observed during solar magnetic storms in healthy humans, patients with cardio-vascular diseases and cosmonauts in SOYUZ spacecraft and the MIR space station (Rapaport). They showed nonspecific adaptive stress reactions, accompanied by variations in stress-hormone production. Magnetic storms in both ill and healthy individuals increased cortisone secretion and activation of the sympathoadrenal system (SAS) and suppressed production of melatonin.

Much experimental evidence has been gathered to suggest that biological systems are highly sensitive to weak generated PEMFs and PEMFs have a wide range of biologic effects in almost all biologic systems. We will cover the results of a number of these effects. Since experiments are difficult to do in humans, much work has been done in animals. PEMF exposures of rats inhibited the activation of the sympathetic-adrenal system (SAS) as well as prevented a decrease in nonspecific resistance (Temur'iants). They found a decreased concentration in plasma of catecholamines, chemical messengers associated with increased sympathetic arousal. Normalization of the SAS state occurred due to the modulation of hypothalamic functional activity and increased urine excretion of epinephrine. Even weak PEMFs are able to inhibit the development of a stress reaction. There is a possibility that long term use of weak PEMFs may be able to remodel tissues that tend to be hyper-reactive to chronic or acute stress. Hyper-reactivity of the stress response is often based on stress experiences in infancy and, if recurring, throughout life. Remodeling of tissues and organs has been found with treatment of other pathologic states such as asthma, hypertension and cardiac failure.

Even environmental stressors, such as heat or sunlight, have an effect on cellular homeostasis (Gutzeit). There are interactions between thermal stressors and electromagnetic fields (EMFs) as inducers of intracellular heat stress proteins (hsp), which are protective proteins in the cell. PEMFs can be used preventively prior to heat, toxicity or injury to prevent cellular harm and thus produce cellular stress resistance and reduce cellular stress responses. A number of studies have shown that the presence of hsp in a cell mediates this effect, an effect that is usually denoted "thermotolerance" or "stress tolerance." The stress response proteins are induced by numerous stimuli in addition to heat, for example, heavy metals and oxidative stress. During severe metabolic stress, the stress proteins preserve cell viability (Litovitz).

This phenomenon could be exploited as a beneficial presurgical cardiovascular treatment. This has been borne out in studies that have shown that cardiotoxic effects, such as occur during cardiac surgery, may be prevented by preconditioning with PEMFs. Stimulating the cardiac cell with PEMFs may provide for it protection from injury, including cardiac surgery or heart attack. Similarly, heat pre-treatment can result in significantly improved heart salvage following coronary artery bypass grafting (Litovitz).

Other potentially therapeutic applications include protection against viral infections, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and the support of the stress response in the elderly, in an attempt to counteract the normal loss of the stress response during aging.

Originally, the therapeutic effects of electromagnetic fields in a wide range of frequencies were considered a result of activation of metabolic processes in the immediate tissues exposed. Subsequently, it was found to be more advantageous to expose endocrine glands and control centers of the central nervous system since EMFs there triggered natural control processes of homeostasis (Zubkova). Lower dosing of the thyroid area produced a similar response vs the local area, eg, the heart in ischemia. These adaptive changes promoted elimination of hemodynamic and hypoxic disorders in the myocardium, and restored levels of production of mineralo- and glucocorticoids by the adrenals. In rabbits with experimental hepatitis microwave PEMFs to the thyroid was more effective in restoring liver function than to the liver itself. Local exposure of adrenals in patients with rheumatoid arthritis activated production of glucocorticoids and returned to normal functional activity of lymphocytes. This work confirmed that an adaptation to short-term (or weak) stressor factors increases the resistivity of the organism to severe stressors, including low temperatures, physical load, ischemic heart necrosis, ionizing radiation, etc.

Stress causes a very quick and significant decrease in leukocyte and absolute lymphocyte numbers in the peripheral blood of up to 10-20%. The level of cortisone in the blood increases two to three-fold. PEMFs modulate host resistance (Isaeva) through enhancing some immune functions. The percentage of neutrophils (including immature neutrophils) increases gradually with exposure and neutrophil metabolsim and superoxide production are significantly higher with PEMF. The blood level of cortisone is lowered.

In some animal species, such as rabbits, emotional stress increases lethality. PEMFs increased resistance of the rabbits to stress: lethality in animals exposed to stress plus PEMF was 1.9 times lower than lethality in rabbits exposed to stress alone (Gorbunova).

Stress activation of the SAS in rats is seen by changes in (nor)adrenaline in the hypothalamus, adrenal glands, plasma and urine. Daily 3-hr exposure to PEMFs decreased activation of the SAS shown by a decrease in plasma and urine catecholamines (Temur'iants). The excitability of the nervous sytem decreased and corrected the emotional reactions that accompany stress.

Pain inhibition (i.e. analgesia) is a biological function consistently found to be affected by exposure to magnetic fields in various species of animals, including: land snails, laboratory mice, deer mice, pigeons, as well as humans (Prato).

Application of PEMFs to acupuncture points has been found to produce anti-stress benefits (Lukianova). Therefore, PEMFs act similarly to electroacupuncture (EA). The stress responses induced by painful tooth pulp stimulation in rats was reduced by electroacupuncture (EA) (Han), evidenced by decreased nor/epinephrine, dopamine, ACTH, and corticosterone. No elevation in either diastolic or systolic blood pressure was seen following EA. Millimeter wave (MMW) exposure of an acupuncture point affects heart rate and heart rate variability and lability of central nervous system (CNS) processes (Lukianova). Measurements were performed in healthy examinees before and after a physical exercise. Almost all the examinees had increased lability of central nervous system (CNS). The effect on the heart rate depended on the predominance of sympathetic or parasympathetic control mechanisms in a particular subject. With parasympathetic predominance, exercise increased both the heart rate and its variability. With predominance of sympathetic tone, individual reactions to exercise varied greatly. MMW exposure facilitated recovery of the heart rhythm after exercise in parasympathetic toned individuals, not consistently in sympathetic predominance.

Chronic stress causes depression. Amitryptiline also seems to have a similar effect in blunting or negating the stress response (Nemeroff).

Stress induces neuronal atrophy and death in the brain, especially in the hippocampus. Alterations in the expression of neurotrophic factors are implicated in stress-induced hippocampal degeneration (Yun). EA stimulation significantly restored neurotrophic factors.

One group studied for many years the effects of an PEMFs 1-500 G and also a constant magnetic field (CMF) at up to 2500 G intensity (Garkavi). With a CMF, the pattern of a training reaction, or very low level response, was found. PEMF exposure of the head at frequencies greater than 50 Hz produced a low level adaptation reaction, whereas a lower frequency PEMF stimulates the development of a higher reaction level. Exposure of the peripheral parts of a body by PEMF up to 1000 Hz at a low intensity 100-200 G or less could provoke the development of a high reaction level. In studies of weak PEMF (100 G), these magnetic fields were antitumorigenic, protective (in relation to toxic agents and Xray radiation), and produced rejuvenation effects in the organism, especially in cases where there was a high reaction level.

Millimeter waves (mmW) have been found to attenuate stress reactions in experimental animals (Lebedva). They were also found to prevent a stress response in healthy 20 to 24 yr old humans applied to the outer surface of the hand. Stress was evaluated by heart rate variability and electroencephalogram (EEG) changes. The heart rate variability reflects the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. Stress normally increases the heart rate. MmW's prevented or attenuated these changes. Stress-induced EEG changes were suppression of the alpha rhythm, enhancement of the theta rhythm, and a decrease in the coherence of bioelectric activity in different brain structures. EEG changes with mmW treatment were the opposite of those which occurred in control experiments. MmW treatment may help to increase resistance and to ameliorate stress.
In another study of mmW exposure (EMR (Temur'iants) resistance to stress was tested. All stressed animals had precipitous decreases of non-specific resistance, activation of lipid peroxidation and brain thiol-disulfide exchange. Normal control animals exposed to EMR showed a 10-15% increase in neutrophil metabolism and increased thalamic and hypothalamic thiol exchange. None of the changes seen in the stressed control animals were seen in those which were stressed and exposed to EMR.

Stress in rats can lead to breakdown of elastin and collagen fibers in serum, heart muscle, cerebral cortex and liver (Varakina). Low- and high-frequency PEMFs in rats modulated elastase-inhibitory activity in all tissues with exposures to frontomastoid area of the head or paravertebrally, alone or incombination with laser, infrared exposure or static magnetic field (SMF). High laser strength and the combination of laser with SMF decreased the stress reaction. The use of the combination of infrared laser + SMF + PEMF had a stress-limiting effect and enhanced elastase-inhibitory activity. The increase in elastase-inhibitory activity by PEMFs is because of its antioxidant abilities.

According to present views, ascorbic acid (AA) plays a key part in the antioxidant system and, therefore, is mainly responsible for the coordination of neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms of stress adaptation (Zotochkina). High frequency fields for 1 hr daily over a period of up to 90 days caused AA and serotonin (S) to significantly decrease after 3 days by16% and 28%, resp., increase nearly 2-fold by the 30th day of exposure and by the 90th day, AA concentration recovered to the initial (pre-exposure) value, while S content still remained significantly increased.

Low-level 50-Hz PEMF exposure on host immunologic defense and on splenic colony formation was tested in a mouse model (Korneva). After 1 or 4 days the magnetic field caused a protective effect.

PEMF effects were evaluated in athletes engaged in different sports, with different qualifications, and in different periods of training and competitions (Gigineishvili). Decimeter wave therapy (DMW) exposures (460 MHz) of adrenal, thyroid gland, or collar areas have been found to have a favorable effect on the immune status and production of hormones, specifically, T-lymphocytes, testosterone and growth hormone, and a decrease in circulating B-lymphocytes and cortisol. DMW exposures of the thyroid gland decreased the initially elevated levels of thyroid hormones, cortisol, and somatotropin. These effects were interpreted as favorable and helpful in maintaining a high resistance to diseases and a high working capacity.

Heart rate variability (HRV) results from a complex interplay of neural and hormonal control mechanisms. Changes in HRV has been associated with increased risk of severe arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Human volunteers had their heart rate variability tested with PEMF exposures (Sait 1998). The slowing of heart-rate associated with field exposure has been confirmed. Sinusoidal continuous waveform seemed to be more effective at producing this effect than intermittent or square-wave current waveforms. There was significant greater inter-subject variability than within-subject. Some individuals may be more sensitive to or alternately more consistent in producing these field-induced changes in HR and HRV than others. This effect apperas to be a modulation of the threshold properties of the cardiac pacemaker, the Sino-Atrial Node, giving rise to greater beat-to-beat variability.
In another series of double-blind studies it was also found that PEMFs altered the normal variability inherent in human cardiac rhythm (Sastre). Intermittent exposure is more effective than continuous exposure.

Static magnetic fields (SMFs) act on rabbit sinocarotid baroreceptors by reducing blood pressure (Gmitrov 1995). The effects were attributed to changes in cell membrane calcium ion (Ca++) transport since they were abolished by treatment with verapamil, a potent Ca++ channel blocker. A more pronounced effect occurs with stronger fields. Heart rate was significantly decreased during the after-effect period. Changes were indicative of peripheral vasodilation and increased baroreceptor activity causing the baroreceptor to reset the sympathetic tone. In humans, SMFs over the right and left carotid sinuses, respectively, at the baroreceptors, increased heart rate variability somewhat vs shams and controls (Gmitrov 1996). The effects were of minimal clinical significance in the subjects tested but could be significant in individuals with cardiovascular disease with decreased HRV.

High strength stimulation level fields act somewhat differently than low level PEMFs. Slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation fields (rTMS) also affect human heart rate variability (HRV) (Yoshida). HF HRV in the supine position is thought to reflect parasympathetic nervous system activity, while LF HRV while standing is thought to be mediated by the sympathetic nervous system, based on its decrease following administration of a beta-adrenergic blocker such as propranolol. LF power band of HRV was significantly increased relative to baseline when measured immediately after rTMS. No significant long-term effect of either active or sham stimulation on LF power was seen when measured 5 days after the end of the experiment. The transient increase in LF power induced by active stimulation but not sham stimulation suggests that rTMS may transiently activate the sympathetic nervous system.

Application of the PEMF signal resulted in the several apparently related long-lasting localized effects being observed in certain tissues: an increase in blood volume, an increase in oxygen partial pressure (PO2), persistent increases in pH (reduced acidity), increase in respiration amplitude, decrease in heart rate and changes in blood pressure (Warnke). The magnitude of these effects in the human subjects showed significant inter-individual variability. The effects were observed to be modulated by changes in the level of blood acidity, as indicated by measurements of lactic acid and pyruvic acid concentration, carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2), and hydrogen ion (H+) concentration. This meant that the PEMF effects would be increased during periods of high muscle activity, after drinking alcohol, while sleeping, or after inhaling CO2. Conditions that promoted alkalosis such as hyperventilation and eating large meals could be expected to reduce the magnitude of the effects.

Extremely low-frequency (ELF) pulsed magnetic fields (PMFs) affect blood vessels. Head and thorax exposure to ELF PMFs induced dilation of the larger blood vessels in these areas and increased oxygen partial pressure (Warnke). PMFs having a variety of pulse shapes, amplitudes, and repetition rates that were applied to the neck of human volunteers showed that these stimuli could alter the respiration cycle, heart rate, blood pressure, and vessel perfusion. Although these effects showed wide variability and poor reproducibility, they were, nonetheless, attributed to a decrease in central nervous system (CNS) activity and a local increase in sympathetic activity.

Strong SMFs induced a vagotonic state (Nakagawa).

1.. Arnetz, B. B.; Berg, M.; Liden, S. Job stress and "hypersensitivity to electricity". First World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine, 14-19 June, Lake Buena Vista, FL, 1992.
2.. Friedman, E. H.; Arnetz, B. B.; Berg, M. Neurobiology of techno-stress (letter and reply). J Occup Med 35(3):315, 1993.
3.. Garkavi, L. Kh.; Kvakina, E. B.; Shikhliarova, A. I.; Kuz'menko, T. S.; Barsukova, L. P.; Mar'ianovskaia, G. Ia.; Sheika, E. A.; Evstratova, O. F.; Zhukova, G. V. Magnetic fields, adaptation reaction and self-organization of living systems. Biofizika 41(4):898-905, 1996.
4.. Gigineishvili, G. R.; Dombrovskaya, I. I.; Belousov, A. Yu.; Kirova, E. I.; Orekhova, E. M.; Radzievskii, S. A.; Liubimskaya, L. I. USE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY FOR FASTER RESTORATION AND INCREASING OF WORKING CAPACITY IN SPORTSMEN. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult (5):2530, 1995.
5.. Gmitrov, J. STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECT ON SINOCAROTID BARORECEPTORS IN HUMANS. Electro Magnetobiol 15(3):183-189, 1996.
6.. Gmitrov, J.; Ohkubo, C.; Yamada, S.; Gmitrova, A.; Xu, S. STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS ON SINOCAROTID BARORECEPTORS IN RABBITS EXPOSED UNDER CONSCIOUS CONDITIONS. Electro Magnetobiol 14(3):217-228, 1995.
7.. Gorbunova, A. V.; Petrova, N. V.; Portugalov, V. V.; Sudakov, S. K. Acute experimental emotional stress in rabbits exposed to modulated electromagnetic fields. Izv Akad Nauk SSSR [Biol] (5):774-780, 1981.
8.. Goudey, P. The Unofficial Guide to Beating Stress. IDG Books, Foster City, California, 2000.
9.. Graham, C.; Sastre, A.; Cook, M. R.; Gerkovich, M. M. NOCTURNAL MAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE: GENDER-SPECIFIC EFFECTS ON HEART RATE VARIABILITY AND SLEEP. Clin Neurophysiol 111(11):1936-1941, 2000.
10.. Gutzeit, H. O. INTERACTION OF STRESSORS AND THE LIMITS OF CELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 283(4):721-725, 2001.
11.. Han, S-H.; Yoon, S-H.; Cho, Y-W.; Kim, C-J.; Min, B-I. Inhibitory effects of electroacupuncture on stress responses evoked by tooth-pulp stimulation in rats. Physiol Behav 66(2):217-222, 1999.
12.. Isaeva, E. N.; Fomicheva, E. E.; Pivanovich, I. Yu.; Nemirovich-Danchenko, E. A.; Korneva, E. A.; Barnes, F. S. Effect of electromagnetic fields exposure on stress-induced neutrophils activity changes. Bioelectromagnetics Society, 22nd Annual Meeting, 11-16 June, Munich, Germany, 2000.
13.. Korneva, H. A.; Grigoriev, V. A.; Isaeva, E. N.; Kaloshina, S. M.; Barnes, F. S. EFFECTS OF LOW-LEVEL 50 Hz MAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE LEVEL OF HOST DEFENSE AND ON SPLEEN COLONY FORMATION. Bioelectromagnetics 20(1):57-63, 1999.
14.. Lebedeva, N. N.; Sulimova, O. P. MODIFYING EFFECT OF MM WAVES ON THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE HUMAN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DURING SIMULATION OF STRESS. Millimetrovie Volni v Biologii i Meditcine (3):16-21, 1994.
15.. Litovitz, T. A.; Di Carlo, A.; Penafiel, M.; Farrell, J. M. Protection against anoxia is conferred by weak 60 hz magnetic fields. Annual Review of Research on Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from the Generation, Delivery and Use of Electricity, 9-13 November, San Diego, CA., 1997.
16.. Lukianova, O. N.; Kolbun, N. D. POSSIBLE USE OF MICROWAVE RADIATION FOR RELAXATION AFTER A PHYSICAL LOAD. Fundamental and Applied Aspects of the Use of Millimeter Electromagnetic Radiation in Medicine. Abstracts of the 1st All-Union Symposium with International Participation. Kiev, Ukraine, 1989.
17.. Lyskov, E.; Sandstrom, M.; Hansson Mild, K. NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF PATIENTS WITH PERCEIVED 'ELECTRICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY'. Int J Psychophysiol 42(3):233-241, 2001.
18.. Nakagawa, M. CHANGES IN THE HUMAN ECG AND HRV IN STATIC MAGNETIC FIELDS UP TO 1 TESLA. Bioelectromagnetics Society, 22nd Annual Meeting, Munich, Germany, 2000.
19.. Nemeroff, C.B., et al. Pathophysiological Basis of Psychiatric Disorders: Focus on Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia. In Tasman: Psychiatry, 1st ed, p 289ff, 1997 W. B. Saunders Company.
20.. Prato, F. S.; Choleris, E.; Thomas, A. W.; Moran, G. R. Behavioural stress responses of mice may be sensitive to weak, ambient elf magnetic fields on the order of 0.1 uT. Bioelectromagnetics Society, 23rd Annual Meeting, 11-14 June, St. Paul, MN, 2001.
21.. Rapoport, S. I.; Boldypakova, T. D.; Malinovskaia, N. K.; Oraevskii, V. N.; Meshcheriakova, S. A.; Breus, T. K.; Sosnovskii, A. M. MAGNETIC STORMS AS A STRESS FACTOR. Biophysics 43(4):596-602 Biofizika 43(4):632-639, 1998.
22.. Sait, M. L.; Wood, A. W. EFFECTS OF 50 Hz MAGNETIC FIELDS ON HUMAN HEART RATE AND RATE VARIABILITY. Bioelectromagnetics Society, 20th Annual Meeting, 7-11 June, St. Pete Beach, FL, 1998.
23.. Sait, M. L.; Wood, A. W.; Sadafi, H. A. A STUDY OF HEART RATE AND HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN HUMAN SUBJECTS EXPOSED TO OCCUPATIONAL LEVELS OF 50 Hz CIRCULARLY POLARISED MAGNETIC FIELDS. Med Eng Phys 21(5):361-369, 1999.
24.. Sastre, A.; Cook, M. R.; Graham, C.; Hoffman, S. J. MODIFICATION OF HUMAN CARDIAC RHYTHM DURING MAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE: A REPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE. Annual Review of Research on Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from the Generation, Delivery and Use of Electricity, Albuquerque, NM, U.S. DOE, 1994.
25.. Sastre, A.; Graham, C.; Cook, M. R.; Hoffman, S. J.; Gerkovich, M. M. HUMAN HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN MAGNETIC FIELDS: CONTINUOUS VERSUS INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE. Annual Review of Research on Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from the Generation, Delivery and Use of Electricity, 12-16 November, Palm Springs, CA, p. 49-50, 1995.
26.. Temur'iants, N. A. Several mechanisms of adaptation to combined action of weak varying magnetic fields and hypokinesia. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 29(6):49-54, 1995.
27.. Temur'iants, N. A.; Mikhailov, A. V.; Maligina, V. I.; Tishkin, O. O.; Nasilevitch, V. A.; Kaminina, I. B. Antistressor effects of weak variable magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics Society, 20th Annual Meeting, 7-11 June, St. Pete Beach, FL.
28.. Temur'iants, N.; Martynyuk, V. S.; Chuyan, E. N.; Tumanyants, E. N.; Moskovchuk, O. B.; Vernadskiy, V. I. STRESS-LIMITING EFFECT OF LOW INTENSITY ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN THE MILLIMETER DIAPAZONE. Bioelectromagnetics Society, 23rd Annual Meeting, 11-14 June, St. Paul, MN, 2001.
29.. Varakina, N. I. ELASTASE-INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT TISSUES AFTER LOW- AND HIGH FREQUENCY EXPOSURES. Bioelectromagnetics Society, 22nd Annual Meeting, 11-16 June, Munich, Germany, 2000.
30.. Warnke, U. ELF-PULSATING MAGNETIC FIELD (PMF)- INDUCED ADEQUATE STIMULATION OF BARORECEPTORS. Hungarian Symposium on Magnetotherapy, 2nd symposium, Szekesfehervar, Hungary, 1987.
31.. Warnke, U. SURVEY OF SOME WORKING MECHANISMS OF PULSATING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (PEMF). Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 27(3):317-320, 1992.
32.. Yoshida, T.; Yoshino, A.; Kobayashi, Y.; Inoue, M.; Kamakura, K.; Nomura, S. EFFECTS OF SLOW REPETITIVE TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION ON HEART RATE VARIABILITY ACCORDING TO POWER SPECTRUM ANALYSIS. J Neurol Sci 184(1):77-80, 2001.
33.. Yun, S. J.; Park, H. J.; Yeom, M. J.; Hahm, D. H.; Lee, H. J.; Lee, E. H. Effect of electroacupuncture on the stress-induced changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 318(2):85-88, 2002.
34.. Zotochkina, E. G.; Bylinkina, T. I. ASCORBIC ACID, SEROTONIN AND HISTAMINE AS INDICATORS OF THE TYPE OF ADAPTIVE RESPONSE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE IN RATS. Gig Sanit (4):43-44, 1993.
35.. Zubkova, S. M. ADAPTIVE CHANGES IN THE BODY UPON EXPOSURE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION. Biofizika 41(4):917-922, 1996.